In this research, all dimensions decreased with an increase in weed density from 0 to sixteen plant m2. It is broadly accepted that rising weed density can lead to a detrimental impression on the crop vegetation attributes. Our discovering confirmed that bodily properties could also be affected by the extent of weed competitors circumstances that the mother vegetation had been grown. Weed competitors, which occurred in the early development growth stage of maize, delayed the speed of leaf look 46.

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Sharma (1981) also describes a powdery mildew that infects cocklebur in India. However, the cotyledons are palatable and nonetheless have the best toxicity. Poisoning usually outcomes when these are eaten. This situation happens most at the edges of ponds, lakes, flood plains, or different bodies of water the place shallow flooding followed by recession of the waterline happens.

Germination of cocklebur seeds has been extensively researched (Crocker 1906, Davis 1930, Katoh and Esashi 1975, Zimmerman and Weis 1983). More than 80% of cocklebur seeds are viable in most populations (Weaver and Lechowicz 1983). Xaitonium isn’t required for germination, however seedlings seldom emerge from seeds lying on the floor or buried more than 15 cm in the soil (Kaul 1965a, Stoller and Wax 1973). The burs cause an allergic response in some individuals (Parsons 1973) and are poisonous to home animals (and maybe to some wildlife).

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Seed germination was recorded under eight different NaCl concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, 300, four hundred, 500 and 600 mM). The control treatment (only distilled water) was also included in the experiment for comparison. Sodium chloride (NaCl) was dissolved in distilled water to make the options of respective concentrations 28. Data sharing is not applicable to this text as no datasets had been generated or analyzed through the current examine.

The vulnerability of subtropical areas to plant invasions is exacerbated by human activities similar to urbanization, agriculture and trade, which facilitate the introduction and spread of alien species 13. Strumarium negatively impacts agriculture and pure ecosystems by decreasing crop yields, degrading pastures, and reducing the forage base for livestock and wildlife, thereby jeopardizing surrounding ecosystems. Regions with high agricultural activity, especially in Punjab, are significantly weak to X. Strumarium invasion, resulting in economic losses, compromised food safety, and unfavorable impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem companies.

The leaves, borne on stalks, are easy, broad-ovate to triangular, 3-5-lobed, boring green, with toothed margins and quick bristly hairs on each side. The higher leaf floor is darker than the underside and prominently 3-veined with purplish veins. The creamy or yellowish green flowers are inconspicuous, unisexual, and arranged in terminal and axillary heads. The fruit is an ellipsoid brownish bur, topped with two stout horns and covered with hooked spines.

Strumarium leaves collected from Egypt analyzed by GC-MS. The knowledge offered in this research can be found on request from the corresponding creator. All authors have read and agreed to the printed version of the manuscript. This part collects any knowledge citations, information availability statements, or supplementary supplies included in this article.